PeruGloria enhiesta en milenios de historia…

The precious things in Peru: the search for gold

Peru is an interesting country that has been built by the conquerors entering times by the Japanese modern (including a famous japanese peruvian leader DNA) and can fall into the orbit of mainland China. Peru, like many countries Latin America, can actually be seen as a colony of the natural resources of emerging Asian power houses.

According to one NGO worker based in Costa Rica, "The U.S. is losing power during the day and is no longer able to keep China out of Central and South America, or Russia for that matter."

Following these old geopolitical changes, astute observers of Latin America may well wonder what is happening in Peru? According to Linda Dixon, a American businessman gold is now based in Peru, South American country has a prominent place in both silver and gold production. Companies may or may not join to environmentally sound mining procedures are evaluating the market risk with respect to the terms of investment capital, loans and the rate of return. There are plenty of opportunities for small and medium scale investors.

The lack of strong English-language coverage of the industry of precious metals in Latin America, Dixon says, makes the process of evaluating all less than perfect. Fifty percent of returns are possible in mining small concession in Peru. This is something the U.S. and Western investors they may want to consider for your portfolio.

U.S. $ 50 to $ 60,000 investment could be considered conservative, as a kind of micro-loans on steroids. Dixon could note the fact that some 15 million artisanal miners gold digging for gold right now to the four corners of the Earth.

Once again we must ask, "Why all the fuss over gold? "Almost everything in America that can be monetized (for AIG and the debt of major banks to stay at home to the maternal care) has already been monetized. After IT and housing bubbles burst, there is no new source of wealth creation. The United States has been systematically de-industrialized. In times of falling and fear reigns supreme gold.

gold mining in Peru offers low operating cost and no shortage of buyers (in Latin America, North America West and the world.) On-line, vertically integrated real-time data on gold mining, procurement, stained, sale, purchase and use personal and work not far away. Analyze and benefit from the extraction, refining and selling gold directly to buyers at a premium "to point" is the agenda for entrepreneurs like Dixon.

In depth in Latin America

Surely there is a large gold world hunger – but who listen to and where you go through the process of "liberation of gold" of the earth? With online data becoming available, from A to Z and every stop of the process gold in the road will be as convenient as reading the scoreboard in Major League Baseball on your laptop during the Fourth of July. And make no mistake – America America, particularly Peru, Argentina and Chile, will be a part of the 21st century gold rush. There are more mineral exploration spending in Latin America than any other region the world. One of every four dollars in mineral exploration these days is being spent on ameirca America.

According to Ceri Jones', mining Manic America United States, "In Argentina, for example, 75% of the mining region has not yet been explored. Barrick Gold's Pascua-Lama Co., located on the border between Argentina and Chile at an altitude of 15,000 feet inducers pants. Barrick, the third-largest gold producer-largest, had planned to move glaciers get the gold below, but the project has been delayed by disputes with the local community in the valley of Huasco who fear that the massive open pit mine of gold, which is expected to enter operational in 2009, their fields and contaminate water supplies depleted.'s article echoes of Dixon Jones worries about the viability of mining practices half environment and sustainable development.

As for the future of mining in Peru, Jones' article added, "BHP Billiton of Australia has had to work hard to reach an agreement with residents about their inherited Tintaya mine in southern Peru. Many of the miners operating in the region are global companies like Barrick, Falconbridge, Newmont, BHP Billiton and Phelps Dodge. Barrick, which operates 14 mines, including projects in Peru, Chile, Argentina and Tanzania, is noteworthy because last year produced nearly 5.5 million ounces of gold at a cash cost of only $ 227 per ounce, the lowest cost of all major manufacturers.

"For a pure play Peru, Antamina is the largest zinc producer in the country and second largest copper and molybdenum. The company increased its production over 20% last year. Southern Copper Corporation is a producer of copper, molybdenum, zinc and silver located in Peru and Mexico. Quoted in New York, the company acquired Minera Mexico last year and now has a series of transactions, including complex Toquepala and Cuajone mine in Peru, and both open-pit operations Groundwater in Mexico that produce zinc, lead, copper, silver, gold and coal.

"One of the most admired is Peru's Buenaventura mining, a specialist in precious metals with a stake in Minera Yanacocha. Quoted in Lima and New York, Buenaventura has two growing underground gold mines and the fourth largest mine silver, and a reputation of better geological information in Peru.

"For example, Antamina in Peru employs 1,400 workers and is a major well-paid jobs in the country, particularly in Ancash. In five years, income per capita will double in the area. In fact, Peru's economy grew at its slowest pace for two years in April as fishmeal, natural gas and manufacturing output fell, leaving the remaining economy driven only for its 10 billion U.S. dollars mining exports and $ 1.5 billion in natural gas sales.

Jones salutes Invesco is a "Perpetual America Fund U.S., directed by Dean Newman has worked well, up 36.6% in the year and 194.5% in three years against the sector rising 17.8% and 62.1% respectively. Others trust funds of expertise include Scottish Widows Latin America, Threadneedle Latin American fund, which have done so much in 35.5% over a year and 163% in three years, although the latter has a higher minimum investment £ 2,000. The bottom of UBS Global Emerging Markets has about 18% in Latin America Axa Funds and Emerging Markets and the First State Global Emerging Markets both have about 16% in the region. "

An Ancient Quest for Gold

During the days of ancient Rome, a military general and head of the fire department was called Crassus worth almost 170 billion U.S. dollars U.S. in today's paper called world. (According to the Forbes ranking.) Crassus, trying to imitate Alexander the Great conquered India, took his legions expeditionary in Turkey. I did not expect to fight and defeat the Parthians and the capture of Mesopotamia and Persia. Crassus ignored the advice of his advisers that although it must invade through Armenia and saw her son murdered. Crassus had melted liquid gold poured into the throat and was beheaded. His head was used in a play for those who killed him.

Today's modern English dictionary contains word "insensitive" as a reminder for those whose thirst for gold bullion and can be as insatiable as Crassus was. This decrease can not be lost on readers in tune facto with the paradigm of post-American world of financial capitalism led oligarch. In the face of the enigma driven by exotic financial instruments such as derivatives and securitization so-called subprime mortgages, the Federal Reserve has printed up a monopoly of money out of nothing and purchased / rescued buddies on Wall Street revolving door through its "good old boy "network.

Meanwhile ordinary Americans are forced to watch helplessly as the U.S. manufacturing, outsourcing, 20 million illegal immigrants, legal immigrant visas and other phenomena destroy economy have combined to create "perfect storm" of economic Armageddon we find ourselves in.

Inflation and the threat of inflation, massive devaluation of U.S. dollar and efforts to resuscitate the economy will be one of factors affecting the price of gold for the rest of 2009. The fraudulent actions of the market regulators to wear orange prison jumpsuits, the low rates of return of U.S. Treasury bonds, billions of dollars of unpayable debt and cronyism does not inspire confidence in the average American mentality.

Therefore seek gold to continue its rise, despite the handling of inside information at the price of gold, as organized by the central banks – not only have the monopoly on the creation of paper money, but in military violence that money paid through modern armies, conquering that Crassus would blush.

The fight against implosion of paper and digital money is the fact that only 160,000 + tons of gold have been mined throughout human history. As such, a bar of gold weighing 28 pounds worth U.S. $ 333,000 +. At 1000 per ounce and rising, as they say gold is still "money in the bank."

The question remains, where all this leads the world in terms of price and demand for gold? Why the obsession with this metal? A few years ago, the renowned economist Milton Freidman deplored the idea of valuing humanity as something that only digs the ground. There is much gold in the world to start. What can really do with it beyond the jewels and teeth? The answer – plenty.

The people of Burma wear gold medallions around his neck as a hard currency 401 K. Sales Gold has risen while the U.S. dollar has declined, Brazil has won the right to host the Summer Olympics, a gold-back could be Dinar in the pipeline and a basket of currencies could be replaced the U.S. dollar as a major global reserve currency. Digital gold, gold stocks, gold mines and the world gold mining in Latin America and the demand for gold in India (consuming more than 770 tons of gold in 2007) and China (360 + tons in 2007) are the issues key merit close monitoring.

The world's thirst for gold is sure to continue. As the writer Siddharth Pani, "Most central banks, including India maintained their gold reserves as a hedge against any fiscal crisis. In 1991 the then government of Narshima Rao had taken loans for gold India overcome the fiscal crisis, which ultimately led to the opening of the Indian economy. Unless the new gold mines are in the next few years or some of the main Central banks sell gold, gold will be scarcity. In addition, the cost of gold extraction is increasing.

"In this There are currently a small surplus, so Gold and supply and demand concerns. This situation could change rapidly as more and more investors are diversifying into gold, especially in developed countries where the penetration of gold as an investment option remains low. Jewelry demand countries as India and China are expected to increase in coming years. demand pressures continue to rise while gold mine supplies are expected to remain stable. It is worth noting here that it takes at least a few years in a mine recently discovered to be fully operational. Even if new mines are discovered new supplies Gold will have time to materialize. "

… More About Peru for investors …

Your browser does not support display this image. In 2006, Peru held a leadership position in the global production of mineral products as follows: arsenic trioxide (quarter after China, Chile and Morocco), bismuth (third behind China and Mexico), copper (third after Chile and the United States), gold (fifth after South Africa, Australia, USA and China), lead (fourth after China, Australia and the United States), molybdenum (fourth after the United States, China and Chile) rhenium (fourth after India, Kazakhstan, and the United States), silver (first, followed by Mexico and China), tin (third behind China and Indonesia) and zinc (third behind China and Australia).

In Latin America, Peru was the leading producer of classified, in order of value, gold, silver, zinc, lead, tin, and tellurium and the second producer of copper and molybdenum (after Chile) and bismuth (after Mexico).

In 2006, the economy of Peru has benefited from high prices of mineral products. To date, the Government has privatized 220 state-owned enterprises through joint ventures and consortia mining and fuel industries. The companies have generated 9.2 billion U.S. dollars, with an additional flow of committed capital of approximately 11.4 billion U.S. dollars, representing 17% and 21% of Peru's GDP, respectively. Privatizations and concessions generated a committed investment of 6.9 billion U.S. dollars (2006-2010) by mining companies such as Peru Copper Inc. Toromocho copper project ($ 2.5 billion), Xstrata plc. Las Bambas ($ 1 billion), Phelps Dodge Corp. for the expansion of the Cerro Verde copper mine ($ 850 million), Monterrico Metals Inc. White River base metals project ($ 800 million), Rio Tinto Limited for mining project La Granja La ($ 700 million), Southern Copper Corporation for the expansion of the smelter at Ilo ($ 400 million), Goldfields Ltd. for Cerro Corona copper-gold project ($ 350 million) and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce for Bayovar phosphate project ($ 300 million). The Ministry of Energy and Mines reported that the committed investment in 2006, Peru was awarded $ 1 billion for gas and 200 million U.S. dollars for oil.

Petroleos del Peru (Petroperu SA) was established on 24 July 1969 (Law No.17753) as a state-owned entity dedicated to sequentially transport, refining and marketing of refined products and other derivatives oil. The Peruvian Congress on June 2, 2004 (Law No.28244) SA PETROPERU excluded from the privatization process and authorized their participation in the exploration and production hydrocarbons. The state agency Perupetro SA was created on November 18, 1993 (Act No. 26,221) which is responsible for promoting investment in exploration and production of hydrocarbons in the country. Perupetro negotiates, signs and administers contracts for oil, for which PETROPERU must compete with private companies. In 2006, PETROPERU invested $ 4.5 billion in the hydrocarbon sector.

Production

In 2006, the value of Peru's minerals (metals, industrial minerals and fuels) production amounted to 6.5 billion U.S. dollars, compared with $ 5.1 billion in 2005. Mining and fuel production increased by 8.1% as a result the highest values of metals (7%) and fuel output (23%). The increase in mineral products (content) was mainly led by natural gas (77%) molybdenum (22%), gold (20%), crude oil (18%) and iron (8%), and to a lesser extent by the silver and lead (4% each) compared with 2005 products. In 2006, metals prices were also driven upwards due to increased consumption associated with increased global economic activity, as in China, the United States and other countries.

growth of metal production was mainly driven by an increase in copper, iron, silver and lead, which offset the decline in production of gold, molybdenum and zinc. The output of the oil sector also grew due to higher natural gas extraction in Aguaytia and Camisea. Production crude oil was expected to rise as the result of oil exploration and production 16 new contracts signed in 2006.

Mineral Trade

Peru's mining industry, which has always been the country with the largest generator of foreign exchange since 1997, represented almost 61.8% (14.7 million) of total revenues export of more than 23.8 billion U.S. dollars in 2006 compared to 56.3% ($ 9.8 billion) of total export earnings of around 17.4 billion dollars in 2005. In 2006, Peru's total trade balance recorded a surplus of about 8.9 billion U.S. dollars compared to 5.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2005, which increased by almost 68% compared to 6.6% in 2005. Peru's mineral industry had a trade surplus of 16.2 billion U.S. dollars compared with $ 11 billion in 2005.

In 2006, mining was the main export sector of the country. Price increases for zinc (136.5%), copper (82.6%) and gold (36%) has played a key role in Peru's trade balance. Almost 82% of total mineral exports (14.7 million) were copper ($ 6 billion), gold ($ 4 billion) and zinc ($ 2 billion). other mineral exports from Peru were the molybdenum (838 million U.S. dollars), lead (713 million U.S. dollars) Silver ($ 479 million), tin (332 million U.S. dollars) and iron (256 million U.S. dollars).

traditional quarter of Peru's most important export, petroleum and petroleum products amounted to $ 1.6 billion in 2006, compared with $ 1.5 million in 2005. Peru's total exports of minerals, including oil and derivatives, amounted to more than 68% of its total exports in 2006. Total imports of ore, which were mainly oil and derivatives, however, increased by 34.8% to 3.1 billion U.S. dollars compared to $ 2.3 billion in 2005. Total imports increased by about 21.5% to 14.7 billion dollars compared with $ 12.1 billion in 2005 and generated a surplus of U.S. $ 2.6 million compared with $ 5.3 billion in 2005. In 2006, the United United states (34%), China (11%), Chile (7%), Canada (6%) and Japan (5%) were the main consumers of mineral Peru. The United States, China and Chile were the main importers of gold, copper and molybdenum, respectively. Peru sold about 6% of its exports to other Andean Common Market (GRAN) whose members were Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela, about 3% was sold to the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, and associate members Bolivia and Chile, and 15% was sold to other countries in Latin America. Peru's mineral exports could increase if the negotiations between MERCOSUR and ANCOM lead to a South American free trade agreement and, because of the free trade agreement signed recently (2006) between the U.S. and Peru.

Metals

Copper

copper production in Peru (Cu) in 2006 was around 1.05 million tonnes (Mt), compared to almost 1.01 million tonnes in 2005, an increase of almost 4%. The country's exports of copper metal in 2006 totaled about 986,600 metric tons (t) valued at $ 6 billion, compared with 984,200 tons valued at $ 3.4 billion in 2005, this value was 76.5% higher than 2005 as a result of increased copper price per pound $ 2.829 copper in 2006 of $ 1.549 per pound in 2005.

Gold

In 2006, gold production was 202.8 tonnes compared with 208 t in 2005, a decrease 2.5%. MyS produced compared to 81.2 t 103.2 t in 2005. Other leading gold producers Barrick Misquichilca were SA (51.9 t), Madre de Dios SA (15.8 t) Compania de Minas Buenaventura SAA (7.9 t) and Aruntani SAC (6.5 t). gold exports in 2006 amounted to 6,702.1 oz worth about $ 4 million compared with 7,036.8 oz valued at $ 3.2 billion in 2005, this value was 25% higher than in 2005 as a result of rising gold prices to 605 dollars per ounce in 2006, $ 445 per troy ounce in 2005.

Silver

The country's total production of silver content increased to more than 3471 t compared to 3206 t in 2005. Peru, for the third time, beat silver production in Mexico of 3,000 t in 2006. In the production of silver, companies such as Aruntani, Brocal El, Compania de Minas Buenaventura SAA, and Volcan Compania Minera SAA were more active, and silver production was higher than last year due to Minera Yanacocha SRL and gold-silver mines of medium size exceeded its initial production targets. Yanacocha increased production mainly as a result of technological innovations in the process of recovery of gold and silver. High international prices have allowed medium-sized mines and small producers to mine lower grade ores. Peru produced more than 313,300 t of lead in concentrates compared with about 319,400 t in 2005. Silver exports were valued at about 479 million U.S. dollars, respectively, compared with $ 281 million in 2005 respectively.

Mineral fuels

Coal

Peru's largest deposits coal were in Alto Chicama in La Libertad Region. Other coal deposits occur in the Holy Basin Region and Marañón basins Goyllarisquizga coal and Hatun Huasi in the Cáceres region of central Peru. In 2006 the recoverable coal reserves of Peru is estimated at 1.1 billion metric tons, and coal production was relatively small (about 29,535 t), compared with an estimated consumption of more than 1.3 Mt / year.

Natural Gas and Oil

In 2006, recoverable (proven and probable) and possible crude oil, liquefied natural gas from Peru (LNG), and resources natural gas were estimated at 6239.1 billion barrels (Mbbl) 1373.8 Mbbl LNG and natural gas 859 billion cubic meters (30.4 trillion cubic feet), respectively. The main gas fields were the Aguaytía, which is located about 41 km west-northwest of Pucallpa and had proven reserves of 8.5 million cubic meters (301 million cubic feet) of gas and 9 Mbbl of natural gas liquids (NGL) and the Camisea gas fields in the basin of the Ucayali 250 million cubic meters (8.7 trillion cubic feet), which included 600 Mbbl of NGL. Natural gas production rose to 1.775 million cubic meters of 1,517 million cubic meters in 2005 and was produced by Pluspetrol SA (59%), Aguaytía SA (22%), Petrotech del Peru SA (8%), Petroleo Brasileiro SA (Petrobras) (6%) and others (5%). Petrobras through Petrobras Energía SA acquired exploration rights and production of oil and natural gas in Blocks 57 and X, respectively.

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