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Visual Arts of the United States

The eighteenth century
After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which marked the official start of national identity American, the new nation needed a history, and part of that story would be expressed visually. Most of the early American art (from the 18th century through early 19th century) consists of history painting and portraits. Painters such as Gilbert Stuart made portraits of the newly elected government officials, while John Singleton Copley painted portraits emblematic of the increasingly prosperous merchant class, and painters as John Trumbull were making large battle scenes of the Revolutionary War.
The nineteenth century
Main articles: Hudson River School, lightness (American art style) and American Impressionism
James McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Grey and Black: the Artist's Mother (1871) popularly known as Whistler's Mother, Muse d'Orsay, Paris
America's first school Schoolppeared paintinghe well-known Hudson River in 1820. Like the music and literature, this development was delayed until artists perceived that the New World offered issues unique to itself, in this case the westward expansion of settlement brought the transcendent beauty of frontier landscapes to painters' attention.
The direct Hudson River painters, and simplicity of vision influenced later artists as Winslow Homer (1836-1910), which represents rural Americahe sea, mountains, and people living near them. city life found its middle-class painter Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), an uncompromising realist whose unflinching honesty undercut the preference refined for romantic sentimentalism. Henry Ossawa Tanner who studied with Thomas Eakins was one of the first important African American painters.
Paintings of the Great West, in particular the act of transmitting the large size of the land and cultures of native peoples who live there, were beginning to emerge as well. Artists such as George Catlin broke with traditional styles of showing land, most often to show how much of a piece of property, to show the West and its people as honestly as possible.
Many painters who are considered American spent some time in Europe and met other European artists in Paris and London as Mary Cassatt and Whistler.
Twentieth Century
Main article: American realism and American modernism
Mary Cassatt, The Bath 1891-1892, Art Institute of Chicago, while painted in Europe, Cassatt is considered an American painter
The controversy became a way of life for American artists. In fact, much of the painting and sculpture from 1900 has been a series of revolts against tradition. "To hell with the artistic values," announced Robert Henri (1865-1929). He was the leader what critics called the Ashcan school of painting, after the performances of the group of sordid aspects of the city. American realism became New Direction for America's visual artists at the turn of the century. In the photo Photo-Secession movement led by Alfred Steiglitz routes in fact photography as an emerging art form. Soon the Ashcan School artists gave way to modernists arriving from Cubist and abstract Europehe promoted by photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) in his 291 Gallery in New York. John Marin, Marsden Hartley, Alfred Henry Maurer, Arthur Dove, Henrietta Shore, Stuart Davis, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell, Patrick Henry Bruce, and Gerald Murphy were some important early American modernist painters.
After World War I many American artists also rejected trends modern emanating from the Armory Show and European influences, such as the School of Paris. Instead, he chose to adopt academic realism in the representation of America urban and rural scenes. Charles Sheeler and Charles Demuth Precisionists and is known as the Ashcan School artists or American realism: including George Bellows, Everett Shinn, George Benjamin Luks, William Glackens and John Sloan and others developed the imagery of social consciousness in their works.
The American Southwest
Georgia O'Keeffe White Malva with ram's head and small hills, 1935, the Brooklyn Museum
After the first World War, the end of the Santa Fe Railroad allowed settlers Americans to travel across the west, to the coast of California. New artists colonies began to grow around Santa Fe and Taos, the artists main issue is to Indians and landscapes of the Southwest. Images of the Southwest became a popular form of advertising, most significantly used by the Santa Fe Railroad attract settlers to come west and enjoy the scenery nsullied. Walter Ufer, Bert Greer Phillips, E. Irving Couse, William Henry Jackson, and Georgia O'Keeffe are among the artists most prolific of the Southwest.
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was another important event in American art. In the 1920s and 30s a new generation of educated African-American men and women emerged politically astute and who sponsored literary societies and art and industrial exhibitions to combat racist stereotypes. The movement shows the range of talents within the African American community. Although the movement included artists from across America focuses in Harlem Harlem and the work of graphic artist and photographer Aaron Douglas James VanDerZee became emblematic of the movement. Some of the artists include Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Charles Alston, Augusta Savage, Archibald Motley, Lois Mailou Jones, Palmer Hayden and Sargent Johnson.
New Deal Art
Thomas Hart Benton, People of Chilmark (Composition Figure), 1920, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC.
When the Great Depression hit, President Roosevelt's New Deal created several programs public art. The aim of the programs was to give work to artists and decorate public buildings, usually with a national issue. The first of these projects, Public Works Art Project (PWAP) was created after successfully lobbying for unemployed artists of the Artists Union. The PWAP lasted less than a year and produced nearly 15,000 works of art. It was followed by the Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (FAP / WPA) in 1935, which funded some of the artists best-known American. Several separate and related movements began and developed during the Great Depression: American scene painting, regionalism and social realism. Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry, Grant Wood, Ben Shahn, Joseph Stella, Reginald Marsh, Isaac Soyer, Raphael Soyer, and Jack Levine, were some of the most popular artists.
Abstract Expressionism
Main articles: abstract expressionism, action painting, color field and lyrical abstraction
Franz Kline Painting Number 2, 1954, the Museum of Modern Art
In the years after World War II, a group of New York artists formed the first movement of America to exert more international influence: abstract expressionism. This term was first used in 1919 in Berlin, was used again in 1946 by Robert Coates in The New York Times, and was carried by the two major art critics of the time, Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg. It has always been criticized as too large and paradoxical, however, the common definition implies the use of abstract art to express feelings, emotions, which is within the artist, and not what is out.
The first generation of Abstract Expressionists is composed of artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston, Ad Reinhardt, Hans Hofmann, James Brooks, Richard Pousette Dart, William Baziotes, Mark Tobey, Bradley Walker Tomlin, Theodoros Stamos, Jack Tworkov and others. Despite the many artists covered by this label had very different styles, contemporary critics found several common points between them.
Many first-generation Abstract Expressionists were influenced both by the works of the Cubists (and white prints black in art criticism and the works themselves in Gallery 291 or the Armory Show), and by the European Surrealists, most of them abandoned formal composition and representation real objects, and Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Often, the Abstract Expressionists decided to try instinctive, intuitive, spontaneous arrangements of space, line, form and color. Abstract Expressionism is characterized by two main elements – the large size of the fabrics used, (in part inspired by the frescoes of Mexico and the works that made for the WPA in the 1930s), and the strong and unusual use of brushstrokes and paint application experiment with a new understanding of the process.
The emphasis and intensification of color and large open expanses of the surface were two of the principles applied to the movement known as Color Field Painting. Ad Reinhardt, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still and Barnett Newman are classified as such. Another movement was called Action Painting, which is characterized by a spontaneous reaction, powerful strokes, dripped and splashed paint and strong physical movements used in the production of a painting. Jackson Pollock is an instance of an action painter: his creative process, incorporating and thrown paint dripping from a stick or poured directly from the can, revolutionized painting methods. Willem de Kooning famously said about Pollock "broke the ice for the rest of us. "Ironically Pollock repetitive large nonlinear fields are also characteristic of the color field painting well, and art critic Michael Fried said in his essay for the catalog of Three American painters: Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Frank Stella at the Fogg Art Museum in 1965. Despite disagreements among critics of art, abstract expressionism marks a turning point in American art history: the 1940 and 1950 was to change international attention-Paris-European art, American-New York-art.
color field painting continued as a movement: artists in the 1950s, as Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, and in the 1960s, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland and Helen Frankenthaler, tried to make paintings that would eliminate superfluous rhetoric with large areas of flat color.
After Abstract Expressionism
During the 1950s abstract painting in America evolved into movements like Neo-Dada, Post painterly abstraction, Op Art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, in the form of canvas painting, Lyrical Abstraction, and the continuation of Abstract Expressionism. In response to the tendency toward abstraction imagery emerged through various new movements like Pop Art, the Area Bay Figurative Movement and later in the 1970s neo-expressionism.
Lyrical abstraction with the Fluxus movement and Postminimalism (a term coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969) tried to expand the boundaries of abstract painting and Minimalism by focusing on the process, new materials and new forms of expression. Postminimalism often incorporating industrial materials, raw materials, fabrications, found objects, installation, the serial repetition, often with references to Dada and Surrealism is best exemplified in the sculptures of Eva Hesse. Lyrical Abstraction, Conceptual Art, Postminimalism, Earth Art, video, performance, installation art, along with the continuation of Fluxus, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field painting, hard edge painting, Minimal Art, Op Art, Pop Art, Photorealism and New Realism extended the boundaries of contemporary art in the 1960s to the mid-1970s.
Lyrical Abstraction shares similarities with color field painting and abstract expressionism especially in the careless use of paint – texture and surface. drawing direct use of calligraphic line, the effects of brushing, sprinkled, stained, squeegeed, poured, and splashed paint superficially resemble those observed in Abstract Expressionism and Color Field painting. However, the styles are markedly different.
During the 1960s and 1970s artists as powerful and influential as Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Krasner Lee, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Richard Diebenkorn, Josef Albers, Elmer Bischoff, Agnes Martin, Al Held Kelly, Sam Francis, Ellsworth, Morris Louis, Gene Davis Frank Stella, Joan Mitchell, Friedel Dzuba, and to younger artists like Brice Marden, Robert Mangold, Sam Gilliam, Sean Scully, Elizabeth Murray, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Susan Rothenberg, Bleckner Ross, Richard Tuttle, Schnabel Julian, and dozens of other paintings produced vital and influential.
Other modern American movements
Main articles: Pop Art, hard-edge painting, Happenings, Fluxus, Chicago imagist, Postminimal, neo-expressionism and conceptual art
Nighthawks (1942) by Edward Hopper is one of his best known works, the Art Institute of Chicago
Members the next generation of artists in favor of a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them were Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) and Jasper Johns (1930 -), who used photos, newsprint, and discarded objects in his compositions. Pop artists like Andy Warhol (1930-1987), Larry Rivers (1923-2002), and Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997), reproduced, with satiric care, images of everyday objects and popular American-cultureoca Cola bottles, soup cans, strips comic. Realism has also been popular in the United States, despite the modernist tendencies, such as cityscapes of Edward Hopper and Norman Rockwell illustrations. In some places, including Chicago, abstract expressionism never caught on in Chicago, the dominant artistic style was grotesque, symbolic realism, as evidenced the Chicago Imagist Cosmo Campoli (1923-1997), Jim Nutt (1938 -), Ed Paschke (1939-2004) and Nancy Spero (1926 -).
Notable figures
Some American artists of importance are: Ansel Adams, John James Audubon, Thomas Hart Benton, Albert Bierstadt, Alexander Calder, Mary Cassatt, Frederick Edwin Church, Thomas Cole, Edward S. Curtis, Richard Diebenkorn, Thomas Eakins, Jules Feiffer, Helen Frankenthaler, Arshile Gorky, Marsden Hartley, Al Hirschfeld, Hans Hofmann, Winslow Homer, Georgia O'Keeffe, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Dorothea Lange, Roy Lichtenstein, Morris Louis, John Marin, Agnes Martin, Jackson Pollock, Man Ray, Robert Rauschenberg, Frederic Remington, Norman Rockwell, Mark Rothko, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Cindy Sherman, David Smith, Frank Stella, Gilbert Stuart, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Andy Warhol, Frank Lloyd Wright, Andrew Wyeth, NC Wyeth
See also
Abstract Expressionism
Aesthetics
American Impressionism
American modernism
American realism
scene painting American
Arts education in the United States
Colorfield painting
History of painting
Late Modernism
List of American artists
Lyrical Abstraction
Modernism
Native American art
Regionalism
Sculpture of the United States
Social Realism
Synchronism
Chicago Visual Arts
Western painting
References
^ A b Movers and Shakers, New York, "Leaving C &" H, Sarah Douglas, Auction Art + March 2007 V.XXXNo7.
^ Martin, Ann Ray, and Howard Junker. The New Art: The Way, Way Out, Newsweek July 29, 1968: pp.3 ,55-63.
Sources
Pohl, Frances K. American frame. A social history of American art. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002 (pages 7484, 118-122, 366-365, 385, 343-344, 350-351)
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Categories: American art | Art by nationality About the Author

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